Elinizdeki kitab\u0131n kapsam\u0131 tarih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemlerden gelecekteki fosil yak\u0131t sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere uzanmay\u0131 hedefleyen olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir s\u00fcreyi kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bu kitab\u0131 yazmam\u0131n ana nedeni tarihin materyalist teorisi hakk\u0131nda yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir sunumun veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Her ne kadar elinizdeki bir tarih kitab\u0131 olmasa da i\u00e7eri\u011fi itibar\u0131yla tarihimizin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi s\u00fcrede ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olan ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k ekonomik ve sosyal formlardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Kitab\u0131mda \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Adam Smith ve Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarihin, insanlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde hayatta kalabilmek ve varolu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek amac\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015f verdi\u011fi ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k formlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin izinden gitti\u011fimi s\u00f6yleyebilirim. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada bu materyalist tarih g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne nesiller boyunca katk\u0131da bulunan ekonomistlerin, sosyal teorisyenlerin ve tarih\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan yararland\u0131m ve uzman olmayan okuyucular\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6zetleme yolunu tercih ettim. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m de\u011ferlendirmelerde baz\u0131 geni\u015f tan\u0131ml\u0131 konular yer almaktad\u0131r, bunlar: insan \u00fcretimlerinin teknoloji, sosyal y\u00f6netim ve eme\u011fin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcyle olan etkile\u015fim ve ili\u015fkileridir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2\u2019de ise avc\u0131l\u0131ktan \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda insan toplulu\u011funun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimi incelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin modern ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re ne kolay ne de k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede faydalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ek sorunun bu de\u011fi\u015fimin neden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Ancak de\u011fi\u015fimin bir kez ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi sonras\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131labilir hale gelen yeni g\u0131da kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funda kayda de\u011fer bir art\u0131\u015fa neden oldu\u011funu ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6\u00e7ler ve kolonile\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z lisanlara kadar uzanan izler b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ilk tar\u0131m topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fitlik\u00e7i yap\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor olsa da klasik medeniyet d\u00f6nemiyle beraber bu e\u015fitlik\u00e7i d\u00fczenin \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlarla geli\u015fse de nihai olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yerini k\u00f6leli\u011fin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izleyebiliyoruz. K\u00f6lelerin sat\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7in mal fazlas\u0131 \u00fcretime zorlanmas\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 ticaret, para ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k sistemlerinin geli\u015fti\u011fi ve y\u00fckseldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 3\u2019te k\u00f6leli\u011fe dayal\u0131 ekonomilerin i\u00e7yap\u0131lar\u0131, pazarlar\u0131 ve \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle birlikte pazarlar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olu\u015funun ve insan eme\u011finin hoyrat bir m\u00fcsriflikle kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olup da ekonomik durgunlukla neticelendi\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Paran\u0131n icat edilmesinin nedeninin k\u00f6leli\u011fe dayal\u0131 ekonomiler oldu\u011fu da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak B\u00f6l\u00fcm 3 i\u00e7eri\u011finde mallar\u0131n fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimlerinde harcanan emekle nispi olarak uyumlu olmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini \u00f6neren, fiyatland\u0131rmada klasik teorinin detayl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde klasik teorinin \u00e7o\u011fu sosyal bilimler \u00f6\u011frencisine \u00f6\u011fretilen arz-talep teorisinden bilimsel olarak \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 da yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. K\u00f6leli\u011fe dayanan ekonomilerin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde de\u011fi\u015fik zamanlarda y\u00fckseli\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclse de sonunda yerlerini \u00e7ift\u00e7i\/k\u00f6yl\u00fc ekonomilerine b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bahse konu aile \u00e7iftliklerini g\u00f6receli olarak kendine yeterli olarak nitelendirebiliyor olsak da bunlar\u0131n toprak sahipleri veya askeri s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131nda olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 4\u2019te de bu t\u00fcr ekonomilerin temel \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn derecesi ve s\u00f6z konusu ekonomik modelin genel anlamdaki verimlili\u011fi incelenmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ana hedefinin feodal topluluklar\u0131n modern kapitalizmle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ziyadesiyle verimsiz ve mant\u0131\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00f6n yarg\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131t bir zemin olu\u015fturmak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilirim. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kapitalist ekonomik sistem i\u00e7inde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Kitab\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en uzun k\u0131sm\u0131 olan B\u00f6l\u00fcm 5\u2019te ise kapitalizmin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde kapitalist sistemde fiyatlar\u0131n, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r firmalar\u0131n\u0131n mevcudiyetiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak mallar\u0131n \u00fcretimlerinde olu\u015fan \u00fccret maliyetinin ya da maliyet art\u0131 k\u00e2r marj\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir fiyatla sat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki klasik teoriyle uyumlu bir \u015fekilde olu\u015ftu\u011fu okuyucuya aktar\u0131lmak istenmi\u015ftir. Yine bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde makinelerin geli\u015fimiyle g\u00fc\u00e7lenen ve geli\u015fen teknolojinin nihai olarak bu makinelere sahip olanlar\u0131n yeni bask\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f halini almalar\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu incelenmektedir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 teknoloji, karl\u0131l\u0131k ve ger\u00e7ek \u00fccretler aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmde g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan daha \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve iyi \u00f6deme alan i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn teknoloji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecini sa\u011fl\u0131yor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 5\u2019te kapsaml\u0131 olarak i\u015flenen bir di\u011fer konu da kapitalizmin n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve aile yap\u0131s\u0131yla olan etkile\u015fimidir. Erken d\u00f6nem ve ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem kapitalist toplumlar birbirinden b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda farkl\u0131 demografik \u00f6zellikler bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen n\u00fcfus patlamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle Avrupal\u0131 yerle\u015fimci kolonicili\u011finin i\u015faret fi\u015fe\u011fini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeyse buna taban tabana z\u0131t olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerin kendi i\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerini zar zor geli\u015ftirebildikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu bu de\u011fi\u015fim de kronik olarak azalm\u0131\u015f k\u00e2r marjlar\u0131na ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlarda durgunlu\u011fa neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum da kapitalizm i\u00e7in varolu\u015fsal bir krizin habercisi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Olduk\u00e7a ihtilafl\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fim bir di\u011fer konu ise 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n son derece h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen teknolojik geli\u015fmelere tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmekten uzak olu\u015fu ve bu t\u00fcr ilerlemelerin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer \u015fekilde yava\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Teknolojik geli\u015fmelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00f6z konusu bu yava\u015flama da kapitalizmin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Sosyalist ekonomiler y\u00fczy\u0131la yak\u0131n s\u00fcredir kapitalizme bir alternatif olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 6\u2019da sosyalizmin temel yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur. Bu yap\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131na teknolojiyle ba\u015flamay\u0131 tercih ettim. Bunu sosyalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn bir aya\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen yo\u011fun ve \u00e7ok bol olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmemiz gereken elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131 izledi. Yine sosyal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn di\u011fer aya\u011f\u0131 olarak do\u011fum oranlar\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131 ve aile yap\u0131lar\u0131yla inceledi\u011fimiz ve g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz insanlar B\u00f6l\u00fcm 6 alt B\u00f6l\u00fcm 3\u2019te kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde incelenmi\u015ftir. Kapitalist ekonomilerde yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in gereken art\u0131 de\u011fer \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 iken sosyalist sistemde ise \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcketici ve yat\u0131r\u0131m mallar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan planl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumu klasik Marksist terminolojiyle ifade edecek olursak sosyalist ekonomilerin arz fazlas\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir mekanizmaya sahip oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. S\u00f6z konusu bu mekanizman\u0131n 1970\u2019ler \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde SSCB\u2019nin (Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birli\u011fi) ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131n\u0131n ve hemen sonras\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan etmen oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. B\u00f6l\u00fcm 6.5\u2019te 1920\u2019lerde Feldman taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen temel sosyalist b\u00fcy\u00fcme teorisi ele al\u0131nmakta ve takip eden elli y\u0131l boyunca eri\u015filen noktalar\u0131n kapsaml\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n kapsaml\u0131 olarak takdir etmeyi ihmal etti\u011fi ana nokta SSCB\u2019nin kitle t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretiminde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00fcst\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumda sorgulanmas\u0131 gereken ger\u00e7ekten de fazla \u00fcretim s\u00f6z konusuysa s\u00fcrekli olarak ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimi olan k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n nedeninin ne oldu\u011fudur. Nihai olarak irdelenmesi gereken Sovyetlerin t\u00fcketici pazar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l idare etti\u011fi yan\u0131nda temel olarak t\u00fcketici mallar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda bu t\u00fcr bir pazar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme nedeni olmal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ilerleyen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda sosyalist ekonomilerin para tutma nedenleri ve \u201cde\u011fer yasas\u0131\u201d olarak bilinen Marksist terimden ka\u00e7\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 konular\u0131 incelenmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n sosyalist \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme ve da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131na neden olan s\u00fcrecin incelenmesiyle sonlanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 gelecekteki ekonomiler \u00fczerine bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmay\u0131 se\u00e7tim. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada karbonsuz ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fin yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 inceledim. Burada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131m ana soru gelecekteki ekonomilerin kom\u00fcnist ekonomiler olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnizmin dayanak olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 teknik temellerin var olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn olduk\u00e7a spek\u00fclatif oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilirim. Paul Cockshott <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Elinizdeki kitab\u0131n kapsam\u0131 tarih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemlerden gelecekteki fosil yak\u0131t sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere uzanmay\u0131 hedefleyen olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir s\u00fcreyi kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bu kitab\u0131 yazmam\u0131n ana nedeni tarihin materyalist teorisi [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[12370,12304],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-769649","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","5":"product_cat-arastirma-inceleme","6":"product_cat-tarih","7":"pa_cilt-ciltsiz","8":"pa_tur-kitap","9":"pa_yayinevi-kalkedon-yayincilik","10":"pa_yazar-paul-cockshott","12":"first","13":"instock","14":"sale","15":"shipping-taxable","16":"purchasable","17":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/roveyayinevi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/769649","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/roveyayinevi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/roveyayinevi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/roveyayinevi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=769649"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roveyayinevi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_brand?post=769649"},{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roveyayinevi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=769649"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roveyayinevi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=769649"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}